CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General Background of the Study
English
is an international language. Therefore, it has a very crucial role in the
world communication. People tend to use it to communicate to one another when
communicating with other nations, such as: when doing transaction (order or
request), looking for a job, or going a
board. Communication can be divided into two forms, oral and in writing. To know the differences between the oral and
in writing Eggins (1994: 57) suggests that:
“The characteristics of oral communication are flexible, turn taking organization,
context dependent, dynamic structure (interactive staging, open ended),
spontaneity phenomena (hesitations; interruptions; incomplete clauses), everyday
lexis, non-standard grammar, grammatical
complexity and lexically sprace and the characteristics of writing
communication are lexically densed, monologic organization, context
independent, synoptic structure (rhetorical staging; losed; finite), “final
draft” (polished; indications of earlier
drafts removed), “prestige” lexis, standard grammar, and grammatical
simplicity.”
Oral
communication is easier because it rarely uses standard grammar. People can
imitate speaking when they get interaction everyday in their life. In relation
to the characteristics of spoken language, Derewianka (1990: 29) states that
oral language is mostly used in face to face situations. The examples of oral communication
can be found when we watch TV, listen to radio or talk to someone.
On
the contrary, communication in writing should use standard grammar. We can find
examples of written language in public places such as, announcement, news,
pamphlet, advertisements, etc. In nowadays life people get involved with a lot
of English written language, like English notice in public places. (No Parking, No Smoking, Enter, In, Out, Sale,
Discount, Music Lounge, ATM (Automatic Teller Machine, etc). Therefore, the
abilities to write and read are very important. In other words people should be
literate. Talking about communication, we may find the term. Kern (2000: 16-17)
defines literacy as follows: “Literacy
is the use of socially, historically, and culturally-situated practices of
creating and interpreting meaning
through texts. It entails at least a
tacit awareness of the relationship between textual conventions and their contexts of use and, ideally, the
ability to reflect critically on those relationships. Because it is purpose-sensitive,
literacy is dynamic-not static- and
variable across within discourse communities and cultures. It draws on a wide
range of cognitive abilities, on knowledge of written and spoken language, on
knowledge of genres, and on cultural knowledge.”
In
the past, literacy is known as just the ability to read and write something. Now,
literacy consists of oracy (spoken) and
literacy (written) itself. It has communication to connect each other in
cultural and situation in our society. By literacy, we can communicate with our
abilities in our surrounding. In Global
era, literacy in English has important role in education. For English teachers,
globalization has given the big challenge to teach their students to survive in
modern society life. Now English education has used literacy approach, which
prepares their students to participate and create English texts.
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